Much of scientists’ knowledge of the brain has been accumulated from studying brains that are not functioning normally.

Explain how research on Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s disease has contributed to understanding the roles of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in brain function. Discuss the following:

• Discuss issues related to managing the symptoms of the disorders.
• What roles does acetylcholine play in the following nervous system functions?
  • Parasympathetic nervous system activity
  • Control of voluntary movement
  • Learning and memory
  • Sleep

Revisiting the Question about Ethics

There is no known cure for Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s Diseases; however, experts believe that such stem-cell lines could be very valuable tools for studying these progressive debilitating diseases. Given your increased understanding of the brain, revisit the following questions that were proposed in Week 1:

• Do you feel the same regarding the ethics of stem-cell research?
  • What are the facts that support your decision?
  • Provide at least 2 references from scientific research.
• Are you for or against animal research for studying Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s?
  • What are the facts that support your decision?
  • Provide at least 2 references from scientific research.

Summary and Background of the Rosenhan’s Study in 1973

Rosenhan’s 1973 study aimed to investigate the reliability of staff in psychiatric hospitals to identify the sane from the insane. He wanted to see if people who posed as mentally ill would be identified by staff in psychiatric hospitals as sane rather than insane. The participants he used had never been diagnosed with a mental illness. 

Rosenhan asked eight ‘sane’ people to telephone psychiatric hospitals for urgent appointments, complaining of hearing unclear voices saying ‘thud, hollow, empty’. All eight were admitted to the hospital; all but one was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the other with manic-depressive psychosis. Upon admission, all pseudo-patients stopped showing any symptoms and took part in ward activities.

The average length of stay was 19 days. All participants had agreed to stay until they had convinced staff they were no longer ill. On release, the pseudo-patients were given the diagnosis of schizophrenia ‘in remission’. In a second follow-up study, one hospital was told that sometime over the next three months, one or more pseudo-patients would try to be admitted, and hospital staff was asked to rate the patients who presented themselves on a scale of 1-10 on the likelihood of them being a pseudo-patient. 44% were judged by at least one member of staff to be a pseudo-patient. Rosenhan concluded that we cannot reliably distinguish the sane from the insane and that hospitalization and labelling can lead to depersonalization, powerlessness, and segregation, which are counter-therapeutic.

Student Misconceptions

Whilst the procedure in this study might seem straightforward, this is probably one of the few studies students will encounter, which is a field study. It also has elements of participant observation, as well as self-report. Rosenhan himself was one of the participants in the study and participated as a pseudo-patient. It must be stressed that the participants did not have, nor had, any mental illness previously. They changed their names, and some changed their profession (some were psychiatrists and psychologists). They all complained only once of hearing a voice saying ‘thud, empty, hollow’ but once admitted to the hospital behaved normally, apart from taking notes whilst in there.

• Read the content above and the Rosenhan Study Article, then address the following questions. 
• Remember to provide at least 3 to 4 sentences in your responses to the questions. 
• Please remember that if you use a resource, use APA formatting. 

What happened if the pseudo-patients were given medication?

How did the pseudo-patients get out?

Were the other patients suspicious?

What happened during their stay in the hospital?

What happened to the pseudo-patients when they were released?

Could this happen today?

• Provide an overview of the organization you chose.
• Discuss the theories and concepts about how prejudice and stereotypes occur.
• How should this organization effectively raise awareness regarding stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination? (Challenge yourself to go beyond the response of providing training.)
• Based on the information you have obtained about this organization, what recommendations could you provide the company to help them more effectively work with different personalities, individual differences, or gender differences in the workplace?
• Discuss how these strategies align with the recommendations in the readings.
• Discuss how these factors may serve to benefit or hinder the organizational culture.

 The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate effective non-pharmacological and psychological pain management techniques. 

 Matthew,  age 13, and his mothers have arrived in the pediatric unit for  evaluation of his chronic pain related to cancer. Matthew is a bright,  articulate young man who appears pale, anxious, and extremely  uncomfortable. He is still rating his pain at a 10 (on a scale of 1 to  10) 20 minutes after receiving a dose of morphine sulfate IV, which  should have provided quick and effective relief. The primary health care  provider is ordering a pain consult. Until the pain management team  arrives, Matthew’s nurse asks you to suggest some non-pharmacological or  psychological pain management techniques for Matthew. You work with  Matthew on three different techniques and give him and his mothers an  educational brochure that describes each of the techniques, explains how  to do the techniques, and explains why the techniques are beneficial. 

 make the  patient education brochure you have just given to Matthew and his  mothers. Complete a literature search and choose three age-appropriate,  non-pharmacological or psychological pain management techniques you  believe would be of greatest benefit for Matthew. Give a thorough  description of each technique, explain how to do each technique, and  explain why each technique is beneficial. As with all written patient  education material, remember to consider the reading level of your  patient audience and evaluate your brochure for readability. Include the Readability Index Score at the bottom of your brochure. 

Please be original do not just copy and  paste from the internet

The American Academy of Dermatology (2021) states that skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. One in five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. Protecting our skin from harmful ultraviolet rays is imperative. However, the human body does benefit from a mild to moderate amount of UV radiation. 

Initial post: What is the best way to protect your skin from sun-related damage? What are the advantages and disadvantages to sunscreens containing common active ingredients such as oxybenzone, octocrylene, and homosalate? Are there benefits to using mineral sunscreens, such as zinc oxide or titanium dioxide? How effective are natural sunscreens, such as coconut oil or shea butter? If a sunscreen product is not regulated by the FDA, how can you determine if the product’s claims are true?